Q: What 2 parts is the abdominal cavity divided into? A: * The abdominal cavity proper * The pelvic cavity Q: What structure forms the superior boundary of the abdomen? A: The diaphragm. Q: What forms the anterior boundary of the abdomen? A: Tha anterior abdominal wall (consisting of skin, subcutaneous tissue, muscle, fascia, extraperitoneal tissue and parietal peritoneum.) Q: What forms the posterior boundary of the abdomen? A: The lumbar vertebrae and posterior abdominal wall muscles. Q: What marks the boundary between the abdomen proper and the lesser pelvis? A: * The sacral promontory * Arcuate lines of the hip bone * Pubic crests * Upper border of the symphysis pubis Q: List the anterolateral muscles of the abdominal wall. A: * Rectus abdominis and pyramidalis * External oblique * Internal oblique * Transversus abdominis. Q: List the posterior muscles of the abdominal wall. A: * Iliacus * Quadratus lumborum * psoas major and minor * The crura of the diaphragm. Q: Where does the external oblique muscle of the abdomen attach? A: * The external surfaces and lower borders of the lower 8 ribs, interdigitating with the attachments of serratus anterior and the latissimus dorsi muscles * Anteroinferiorly the muscle becomes aponeurotic and help form the anterior layer of the rectus sheath. Q: Where does the internal oblique muscle of the abdomen attach? A: * The lateral 2/3 of the inguinal ligament * Anterior 2/3 of the intermediate line of the iliac crest * Thorcolumbar fascia * Anterosuperiorly the muscle forms an aponeurosis which splits to form both anterior and posterior layers of the rectus sheath Q: Where does the transversus abdominis muscle arise from? A: * The lateral 1/3 of the inguinal ligament * The anterior 2/3 of the inner lip of the iliac crest * The thoracolumbar fascia * The internal aspects of the lower 6 costal cartilages Q: Where does the transversus abdominis muscle insert? A: * Pubic crest * Pecten pubis * Becomes aponeurotic and above arcuate line contributes to posterior layer of rectus sheath * Becomes aponeurotic and below arcuate line contributes to anterior layer of rectus sheath Q: What muscle runs inside the rectus sheath? A: The rectus abdominis. Q: The aponeuroses of which muscles form the rectus sheath? A: * External oblique * Internal oblique * Transversus abdominis Q: What is the midline fusion of the abdominal aponeuroses called? A: The linea alba. Q: Above the arcuate line of the abdominal rectus sheath which aponeuroses pass anterior to the abdominis rectus muscle? A: * External oblique * Part of the internal oblique aponeurosis Q: Below the arcuate line of the abdominal rectus sheath which aponeuroses pass anterior to the abdominis rectus muscle? A: All 3. * External oblique * Internal oblique * Transversus abdominis Q: What is the blood supply of the anterolateral abdominal wall? A: * branches of the internal thoracic artery: superior epigastric and musculophrenic arteries * branches of the external iliac artery: inferior epigastric and deep circumflex iliac arteries * inferior phrenic artery (branch of abdominal aorta) * lower posterior intercostal and subcostal arteries (from thoracic aorta) * lumbar arteries (from abdominal aorta) Q: What is the nerve supply to the anterolateral abdominal wall? A: * thoraco-abdominal and subcostal nerves (lower 6 or 7 thoracic segments) * iliolumbar and ilioinguinal nerves (L1) Q: What are the 3 most important muscles in the posterior abdominal wall? A: * Quadratus lumborum * Psoas major * Iliacus Q: What are the attachments of quadratus lumborum? A: * Lower border of the 12th rib * Apices of the transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae * Iliolumbar ligament * Iliac crest Q: What is the thickened part of fascia overlying the upper border of quadratus lumborum called? A: The lateral arcuate ligament. Q: What are the attachments of psoas major? A: * Anterior surfaces and lower borders of the lumbar transverse processes * Bodies and intervertebral discs of adjacent lumbar vertebra * iliacus tendon (which inserts into lesser trochanter) Q: What is the thickened part of fascia overlying the upper border of psoas major called? A: The medial arcuate ligament. Q: What are the attachments of iliacus? A: * Iliac fossa * Inner lip of iliac crest * Ventral sacroiliac ligament * Iliolumbar ligament * Psoas major tendon (which inserts into lesser trochanter) Q: What is the blood supply of the posterior abdominal wall? A: Lumbar arteries from the aorta. Q: What is the nerve supply for psoas major? A: Ventral rami of L1, 2, 3 spinal nerves. Q: What is the nerve supply for iliacus? A: Branches of femoral nerve (L2,3). Q: What is the nerve supply for quadratus lumborum? A: Ventral rami of T12, L1, 2, 3, 4 spinal nerves. Q: What structure is an oblique passage through the abdominal wall (3 to 5 cm in length), extending from the deep inguinal ring to the superficial ring? A: The inguinal canal. Q: What structure is found deep to the midinguinal point in the transversalis fascia? A: The deep inguinal ring. Q: Where is the superficial inguinal ring found? A: 1 cm superior and 1 cm lateral to the pubic tubercle. Q: True or false? The abdominal cavity is lined by a serous membrane called the parietal peritoneum. A: True. Q: True or false? A reflected serous membrane called the visceral peritoneum covers much of the viscera and connective tissue supports in the abdominal cavity. A: True. Q: What is the name given to the visceral peritoneum which covers the connective tissue suspending the small intestine? A: Mesentery. Q: What is the name given to the visceral peritoneum which covers the connective tissue suspending the stomach? A: Omentum. Q: What is the name given to the visceral peritoneum which covers the connective tissue suspending the large bowel? A: Mesocolon. Q: What are the 2 divisions of the lesser omentum? A: Gastrohepatic and hepatoduodenal ligaments. Q: What are the two ways a structure may come to be retroperitneal? A: * It may develope completely outside the peritoneal sac * It may have once been suspended in the abdominal wall and lose its supporting mesentery or mesocolon Q: What abdominal ligament is sickle shaped and extends from the liver to the anterior abdominal wall? A: The falciform ligament Q: What abdominal ligament is the remnant of the obliterated left umbilical vein? A: The ligamentum teres Q: What is the name given to the area of the liver not covered by peritoneum? A: The bare area Q: True or false? The superior layer of the coronary ligament (a reflection of the peritoneum) completely surrounds the bare area of the liver. A: False. The superior and inferior layers of the coronary ligament surround the bare area of the liver. Q: What 2 structures meet to form both the left and right triangular ligaments? A: The superior and inferior layers of the coronary ligament. Q: What abdominal structure extends from the porta hepatis and floor of the groove for the ligamentum venosum of the liver to the lesser curvature of the stomach and the first part of the duodenum? A: The lesser omentum. Q: What 2 parts may the lesser omentum be commonly divided into? A: The gastrohepatic and hepatoduodenal ligaments. Q: What abdominal ligament extends from the greater curvature of the stomach anteriorly over most of the abdominal viscera and fuses with the transverse mesocolon? A: The greater omentum. Q: What abdominal ligament connects the hilum of the spleen to the fundus and greater curvature of the stomach? A: The gastrosplenic ligament. Q: What abdominal ligament connects the diaphragm and the posterior aspect of the stomach fundus to the oesophagus? A: The gastrophrenic ligament. Q: True or false? The liver developes from the dorsal mesogastrium. A: False. The liver developes from the ventral mesogastrium. Q: True or false? The spleen developes from the dorsal mesogastrium. A: True. Q: True or false? The falciform ligament is derived from the part of the ventral mesogastrium connecting the liver to the body wall. A: True. Q: True or false? The gastrohepatic ligament is derived from the part of the ventral mesogastrium connecting the liver to the body wall. A: False. The gastrohepatic ligament is derived from the part of the ventral mesogastrium connecting the stomach to the liver. Q: True or false? The coronary ligament is derived from the part of the ventral mesogastrium connecting the liver to the body wall. A: True. Q: True or false? The triangular ligaments are derived from the part of the ventral mesogastrium connecting the stomach to the liver. A: False. The triangular ligaments are derived from the part of the ventral mesogastrium connecting the liver to the body wall. Q: True or false? The hepatoduodenal ligament is derived from the part of the ventral mesogastrium connecting the stomach to the liver. A: True. Q: True or false? The gastrosplenic and gastrophrenic, as well as the lienorenal and phrenicolienal ligaments are derived from dorsal mesogastrium. A: True. Q: A: Q: A: Q: A: Q: A: Q: A: